TOKYO — Candidates in Japan's super-tight parliamentary elections made last-ditch appeals to voters on Saturday, with opinion polls suggesting that the ruling coalition might fall short of a majority.

Such a bombshell outcome would be the worst result for the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) since 2009 and potentially a knockout blow to Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba.

Ishiba — a fan of trains, 1970s pop idols, and making model ships and planes — only last month took the helm of the LDP, which has governed Japan for almost all of the past seven decades.

After a tough internal contest, the 67-year-old former defense minister became premier on October 1.

Days later, he called the snap parliamentary polls, promising a "new Japan."

Ishiba pledged to revitalize depressed rural regions and to address the "quiet emergency" of Japan's falling population through policies such as flexible working hours.

But he has since rowed back his position on issues that include allowing married couples to take separate surnames.

He also named only two female ministers in his Cabinet.

A poll by the Yomiuri Shimbun daily on Friday suggested that the LDP and its coalition partner Komeito might struggle to get the 233 lower-chamber seats needed for a majority.

Ishiba has set this threshold as his objective, and missing it would undermine his position in the LDP and mean finding other coalition partners or leading a minority government.

Local media speculated that Ishiba could potentially even resign immediately to take responsibility, becoming Japan's shortest-serving prime minister in the postwar period.

The current record is held by Naruhiko Higashikuni, who served for 54 days — four days more than United Kingdom leader Liz Truss in 2022 — just after Japan's 1945 defeat in World War II.

"The situation is extremely severe," Ishiba said on the stump on Friday, Japanese media reported.

In many districts, LDP candidates are in neck-and-neck battles with those from the Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) — the second-biggest in parliament — led by popular former prime minister Yoshihiko Noda.

"The LDP's politics is all about quickly implementing policies for those who give them loads of cash," Noda told a rally on Saturday.

"But those in vulnerable positions who can't offer cash have been ignored," he added, referring to insufficient support by the LDP-led government for survivors of a huge New Year's Day earthquake in central Japan. "This kind of politics must be changed."

Funding scandal

Noda's stance "is sort of similar to the LDP's. He is basically a conservative," Masato Kamikubo, a political scientist at Ritsumeikan University, told Agence France-Presse (AFP).

"The CDP or Noda can be an alternative to the LDP. Many voters think so," Kamikubo said.

Also dogging Ishiba is the continuing fallout from a slush fund scandal within the LDP that angered voters and helped sink his predecessor Fumio Kishida.

Ishiba promised to not actively support LDP politicians caught up in the scandal running in the election, although they are still standing.

Media reports say the party has also provided 20 million yen ($132,000) each to district offices headed by these figures.

"It is truly frustrating that such reports come out at a time like this," Ishiba said in a campaign speech on Thursday. "Those candidates will not use the money."

"We cannot be defeated by those with biased views," he added.

Hitomi Hisano, an undecided voter from the central Aichi region, told AFP in the capital Tokyo that the LDP's funding scandal was a big factor for him.

"The LDP has sat in power for too long. I see hubris in there," the 69-year-old said. "So, part of me wants to punish them."

"But there aren't other parties that are reliable enough to win my vote," he added.

Rintaro Nishimura, of the think tank The Asia Group, said that win or lose, Ishiba's position was tenuous.

"Regardless of what the election results are, Ishiba's longevity as prime minister is in question," he said.