SHANGHAI, China: "Support Chinese chips, join the enterprise of the century" read an upbeat slogan at a recent semiconductor industry fair in Shanghai, where the mood was defiant despite the intense pressure placed on the sector by geopolitical tensions.

Stands at last week's Semicon were packed with visitors who inspected the mostly domestic displays of glittering wafers, silicon ingots and circuit boards, while sales staff touted products and services running the gamut of the chip manufacturing process.

Semiconductors, which power everything from mobile phones to cars, have become a key battleground in recent years, with the United States and some European countries blocking exports of high-tech chip technology to China over fears of military use.

In response, Beijing has turbocharged a drive for self-sufficiency a prominent theme at the fair, with exhibitors plastering their stands with slogans like "Overcome 'bottleneck' technology, realize nationalization of key 'Chinese chip' materials."

"The more restrictions the United States imposes on us, the faster some of our domestic companies will develop," an industry professional named Wang told Agence France-Presse (AFP).

Vicky Zheng, a representative of a Qingdao-based chip assembly company, said she believed restrictions would force China to "have more updated development to catch up or even replace things, so we will have more and better solutions."

Huang, an exhibitor representing the Suzhou-based semiconductor testing company King Long Technology, agreed.

"Under an environment with such pressure, China's internal expansion of some technology and production capacity, and the training of technical personnel are making very rapid progress," he told AFP.

Homegrown replacements?

In September, the United States and its allies got a nasty shock when it appeared that rapid progress was indeed underway.

Telecoms giant Huawei released its new Mate 60 Pro smartphone, powered by the Kirin 9000s chip.

The chip initially appeared to be a homegrown replacement of the earlier Kirin 9000 chip made by Taiwan's TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.), which Huawei is no longer able to purchase due to US sanctions.

But the chip's provenance has since come into question, with a US official saying last Thursday that the Huawei chip could have been made using American equipment, in violation of Washington's export controls.

King Long's Huang admitted that foreign restrictions would "still have an impact," especially in the short term.

Major domestic chip firms have warned of losses over the past year, with fabless chipmaker Loongson Technology reporting a 329-million-yuan ($45.5-million) net loss for 2023, compared to a 5.2-million-yuan profit in 2022.

The company, which was put on a US Commerce Department blacklist last year and barred from accessing key American technologies, said in a report last month that its research development costs had shot up more than 36 percent.

Scotten Jones, a senior fellow at specialist platform TechInsights, said he understood that the current Chinese standard of the lithography equipment that makes semiconductors was "significantly behind the best equipment from [Dutch chipmaking machine supplier] ASML."

"Ultimately, if China is willing to invest enough, they can likely catch up with the rest of the world, but my guess is it is at least a decade away," said Jones.

Beijing is planning that serious investment Bloomberg News agency reported this month that China was raising more than $27 billion for a massive chip industry fund.

And Robyn Klingler-Vidra, an innovation policy expert at King's College London, told AFP the optimism expressed by Semicon attendees was "warranted" by the pace at which key firms were closing in on some cutting-edge production processes.

She singled out the Huawei chip, manufactured by China's Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp., and pointed to the fact the two companies were "looking at" even more sophisticated chips.

"This upends long-standing expectations that despite significant government investment, China would only remain competitive in producing mature processes," she said.